A Conversation between Vaclav Havel, Thomas Hobbes and John Lock on Essay

A Conversation between Vaclav Havel, Thomas Hobbes and John Lock on the Idea of Liberty - Essay Example That these basic rights originate from god and yet crush him. HAVEL: not really crush him, yet at any rate to change our perspective on what he is. That is the thing that I mean by discussing the Anthropic Cosmological Principal. HOBBES: Ah indeed, the possibility that the universe . . . . What is that word you utilized HAVEL: Evolved. HOBBES: And I accept from the setting that it implies how the universe came to fruition - you are proposing that it created after some time HAVEL: Exactly. HOBBES; The Bible says it was made in seven days. LOCKE: Or rather seven units of time - we are not so much certain about the interpretation, clearly you realize that. HOBBES: But the Bible is dependable . . . HAVEL: Gentlemen, men of their word, it is sufficiently troublesome to discuss legislative issues on its won, with getting into the region of governmental issues and religion. (Each of the three men giggle) HOBBES: But genuinely, your entire discourse appeared to travel toward that path. The possibility of this self-amazing quality - that every person are by one way or another connected to the universe by being reflected in it. The possibility that of all the potential universes that God may have made, He picked this one . . . LOCKE: Or developed, I like that. I should peruse increasingly about it. HOBBES: Evolved at that point. That this one developed as opposed to all the . . . LOCKE: I feel, considering it, that the two are not fundamentally unrelated. HOBBES: Meaning LOCKE: This Enlightenment that I am said to have made in England, it depended on the possibility of science, that things could be clarified however that didn't really propose that God doesn't exist. It simply demonstrated how awesome His universe is. HAVEL: That's actually the point. It doesn't generally make a difference whether God exists or not . . . HOBBES; I should dissent. HAVEL: All that issues is that we are tied down on.... . LOCKE: This Enlightenment that I am said to have made in England, it depended on the possibility of science, that things could be clarified yet that didn't really recommend that God doesn't exist. It only demonstrated how magnificent His universe is. HAVEL: True. This photo, it was distributed in papers everywhere throughout the world and indicated individuals how little the world is, the manner by which we are lost in the darkness of room and how we should stop our current course of consistent wars. HOBBES: obviously not: the individual will see this photo and afterward forget about it in the following second. A great many people are just worried about their prompt life: their family, companions, work, getting food on the table. They don't possess the energy for this sort of thing. HOBBES: Exactly. What's more, toward the finish of your discourse you said (taking a duplicate of it from his pocket) indeed, the main genuine any desire for individuals today is presumably a reestablishment of our conviction that we are established in the earth and, simultaneously, in the universe. I imagine that appears to state that your advanced savant was correct when he stated, just a God can spare us now.

Cathedrals Essay Example For Students

Houses of God Essay ~Cathedrals~Throughout the hundreds of years, delightful Medieval houses of God have been transcending over each building and till this day, despite everything get by with their bewildering appearance. Their structure look like the force and brilliance of sky. Today, they are known as petitions in stone since they are regarded as heavenly places. Taking truly several years to fabricate these incredible Gothic structures, the handy woodworkers and artisans answerable for the development are regarded for developing these ground-breaking structures that educate us concerning the past (Macdonald 1). The development of the houses of God were more than several years (Macdonald 14). The general state of appearance was arranged out before any development was begun. The temporary workers were generally laborers of the low class. Houses of prayer were based on old church destinations all through Europe and the world to spread the religion of Christianity. There were numerous building styles for the houses of worship. Craftsmen utilized enduring materials, for example, stone and solid wood. Probably the best stone originated from France. Cranes and pulleys controlled by men and creatures were utilized to pull these stones, particularly in the hazardous activity of quarrying. The presence of the churches were sublime. As probably the biggest structure of its timeframe, they spoke to the sky in which individuals accepted was quiet and peaceful. Dividers and columns were huge structures encasing several yards. Stone curves and figures of deformity were placed in different spots for adornm ent. The lifting towers on the church buildings were called fingers highlighting paradise. Inside these tremendous fingers, huge chimes and timekeepers were put. Recolored glass windows on the sides depict the master, Jesus, and his life. The consistently going roofs and their canvases speak to paradise. Sculptures represented consecrated ministers of the congregation (Macdonald Intro.). The motivation behind these houses of God were to laud and say thanks to God. Individuals offer petitions and contributions to God at the extraordinary houses of God figuring it would bring a prosperous and sound life. In the Middle Ages, these petitions in stone were made to spread Christianity all through the world. Being the Bishops church, the best habitats of studies were inside the profundities of the houses of God. The pope responded to the most estimated inquiries regarding Christianity. Houses of prayer and the individuals inside entreated that God is the most significant piece of a people life and ought to be expressed gratitude toward for everything. At whenever were the townspeople feeling downcast or prosperous for a specific explanation, their main goal is go to the focal point of the town and say thanks to God at the house of prayer. Applauding the ruler turned into a custom of regular day to day existence. The houses of God communicated all through the Gothic Age, mad e a feeling of importance develop others in encompassing territories. Every one filled in as a stimulating sanctuary of profound established secrets of Christianity (Macaulay 65). The timespan in which these phenomenal places of worship were worked in are a piece of the Middle Ages, otherwise called the Gothic Age. During this timeframe, the world was separated into locales managed by the Bishop. The areas were called wards on account of the congregation governments and organization, consequently, the base camp turned into the houses of prayer. The churchs power was represented by the Bishops seat. Generally, the seat was situated in the holiest piece of the house of prayer. The seat was set confronting west close to relics established by a previous holy person. Making the houses of God was not a simple procedure. Cash originated from blessings of land, ranches, houses, and gems. Numerous individuals even accepted that giving cash would excuse their transgressions. All the cash was constrained by the pastors. Houses of God were costly to work just as keep up, particularly in view of the harms on the rooftop. The laborers, for example, the profoundly talented modelers, stone carvers, metal forgers, and some more, accepted that being a piece of the development would bring them acclaim and fortune. Incidentally, the underlying grouping of Gothic was allocated to the houses of God as a defamatory depiction indicating murkiness from a previous age (no creator, Internet). Basilicas depict a clouded side to the Middle Ages, be that as it may, they as far as anyone knows look like the sky and bring satisfaction (No Author Internet). Church buildings over the world come in various shapes and sizes similarly as people do. Numerous houses of God remain as one of most holiest places on the planet, for example, Bourges, Charites, and Reims. Spanish houses of God are greater than most different churches all through the universe of Christianity. English houses of God join th e specialty of Romanesque and Gothic engineering. A few instances of English church buildings are Cantbury and Durham. Out of the several church buildings dispersed all through the world, Italian houses of prayer show the most great materials and fine purposes of workmanship for the religion of Christianity (Coles Internet). As houses of God despite everything tower up the world over being seen as one of the most biggest and heavenly structures at any point made, they are regarded today for their assortment of engineering plans and for their motivation also. They come in various shapes and sizes yet all have a similar reason, to fill in as a spot to commend Jesus. A few basilicas, for example, Cantbury and Durham express Gothic structures (Coles Internet). They will consistently be around to show the foundations of Christianity and depict the compositional aptitudes served by the individuals of the Middle Ages. .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df , .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df .postImageUrl , .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df , .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df:hover , .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df:visited , .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df:active { border:0!important; } .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df:active , .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u11418e4f cf85197b48276a4531a235df .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u11418e4fcf85197b48276a4531a235df:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Benefits of Interracial Marriages Essay~Works Cited~Coles, Jill.. Basilicas. Timpview Highschool. 8 Dec 1994. http://www.byu.edu/ipt/ventures/medieval times/LifeTimes/Cathedrals.htmMacaulay, David. Church building. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973. Macdonald, Fiona. A Medieval Cathedral.NewYork:PeterBedrickBooks, 1991. No Author, Gothic Dreams. Earthlore Explorations. Media Content Copyright: 1995-1999. Http://elore.com/el-ti-04.htmlCategory: Religion

soul searching at CES 2019

soul searching at CES 2019 Last weekend was CES 2019, an annual convention in Las Vegas that I didnt even know about until a couple of my friends told me to register to go to it with them. It was described to me as a showroom-type thing where companies set up booths to display the latest gadgets they are marketing/will take to market soon. Neato. The convention isnt necessarily open to the public (I think you actually need business credentials or media affiliation), but I was able to get in on the last day for free (!) by registering as a student. I was there for hours and didnt see even a quarter of the displays. The Las Vegas Convention Center is huge, and every open space was packed with people. Some of the exhibitors even had their own specially designed buildings outside of the exhibition halls. Google pulled a very EC stunt in setting up a roller coaster inside their building, and they also built a gumball machine that dispensed products ranging from Google beanies to Google Homes (the device not an actual Google house) to anyone willing to wait two hours in the line (not me). I also saw multiple massage chair displays some skates  reminiscent of a hoverboard immersion cooling arcade games tons of people a speaker with a built-in screen (???) Waluigi (wah) a TV whose audio was transmitted through the screen as demonstrated by some metal balls a TV that rolls up a phone with ten-point discrimination even under water a bread machine the United States Postal Service a ceiling of screens 3D-printed dentures and dental molds spinning LEDs that made images look 3D and a tractor that made me reconsider a career in Big Farm-a. It felt like an adult science fair. Plenty of people have recapped the cool stuff thats coming out of this convention, so I really dont feel like discussing AI and 5G and autonomous devices here. I had a sort of spiritual reaction to being surrounded by shiny new consumer electronics. It struck me how so many of these products represented the hard labor of the people who made them, but that this human element was being suppressed in favor of talking up the product. (I know thats the whole point of a technology showcase but let me FEEL!) Im a junior in college, which means Im starting (hahahahaha) to worry about future employment. Ive often thought that grad school is the only possible next step for a bio major who wants to be able to live comfortably. Recently, Ive decided to take on a second major (in Comparative Media Studies) just because the classes Ive taken in that field have been so much more intriguing to me than my bio classes. I dont know if grad school is what I want anymore. I look at my resume, I look at myself, I look at the displays at CES and wonder what it means to be marketable. Am I marketable, or at the very least are my skills marketable? Do I have skills? Why am I worrying about this when Im only 21? Most people reading this are probably highschoolers. As much as I dont want you to relate to this, Ive got a feeling you might. Youve filled out application after application attempting to market yourself to these schools who have never met you. Its hard to feel good enough. Im at MIT, and I still dont feel good enough. Im working on it. Buuuuuut Im also working on making my display booth interesting to ensure other people see me. Good luck to all of us. Post Tagged #ces

Sexuality As A Means Of Identifying Self Essay - 1703 Words

Sexuality as a means of identifying self: Das’ poetry is â€Å"self centered and unabashedly sexual although the sexuality seems more fascinating to the poet because it is hers than because it is sexual.† Kumar remarks: Several verse of her communicates the tediousness and repetitiveness of sexual category inside as well as exterior wedding ceremony. Their sex is a surprised desire, an underprivileged replacement for authentic sex. The existence of Kamala’s qualities can be well thought-out a romance of her testing through sex. She seems to be winning every come across as a replacement for the genuine knowledge about the factual sex. [80] Her poetry has often been considered â€Å"as a gimmick in sex or striptease in words, an over exposer of body or ‘snippets of trivia.’† 7 She feels it and gives better expression to her joys and longings as a woman. Satchidanandan considers it as â€Å"‘female sexuality’ which truthfully expresses a woman’s ‘swelling limbs’, ‘growing hairs’, ‘the pitiful weight of breasts and womb’. It is the ‘female physicality–the sad body of the woman which encounters with masculine violence that belongs to the same frightening world of trees in the storm and the mutterings of the funeral pyre.† (Satchidanandan â€Å"Transcending the Body†, as â€Å"Introduction† to Only the Soul Knows How to Sing.10) MacKinnon opines: â€Å"the social meaning of sex (gender) is created by sexual objectification of women whereby women are viewed and treated as objects for satisfying men sShow MoreRela tedSexuality And Gender Identification : A Perspective Point Of View855 Words   |  4 PagesThis analysis the focal point regarding the readings focuses around sexuality and gender identification. First, in Chapter twenty-two, Kaja Silverman clarifies both Freud and Lacan’s theories from a perspective point of view. Additionally, in Chapter Twenty-eight, Jacqueline Rose highlights identification of sexuality and feminism. Finally, the article conducted by, Keith Reader, explains different ways to exemplify â€Å"self† identification in regards to gender identity. Beginning with Chapter Twenty-twoRead MoreThe Concept Of A Persons View Of The World1365 Words   |  6 Pages who are in love. But, coming to this conclusion in a thoroughly modern world can be detrimental to a person’s view of the world. Many type of relationships have emerged, that differ to that ‘man and woman in love’ argument; different types of sexualities, such as bisexuality, c an come into play, and even relationship structures that defer from the traditional structure of monogamy. This essay will argue that, while that it is true that the traditional idea of a man and a woman living in a monogamousRead More Eve Kosofsky Sedgwicks Tendencies: Queerness and Oppression1208 Words   |  5 PagesTendencies: Queerness and Oppression Over the last two decades or so, the idea of queerness is one that has been utilized and considered by individuals and communities of marginalized sexualities and genders. The concept is one that has attempted to broaden and deconstruct traditional notions of gender and sexuality in order to include all of their incarnations as valid experiences and identities. Queerness endeavors to include all of those who feel they are a part of it yet, seemingly, not everyoneRead MorePortrayal Of African American Women1538 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican American female sexuality. They are informed by historical experience and imagery therefore black women are perceived to be alluring and seductive with an uncontrollable sexual appetite. The characterization of African American women as a promiscuous Jezebels reaffirm society s belief that African American women are less individualistic. Is it possible for black women to express sexuality while not conforming to stereotypes? In an attempt to redefi ne black sexuality, black female artists reclaimRead MoreGeorge Chauncey s Gay New York Essay1512 Words   |  7 Pagesheterosexual community, which identifies as the dominant culture. George Chauncey wants to know why the dominant heterosexual culture often misinterprets the heterosexual subculture. He also talks about the assumptions the dominant culture carries about sexuality and culture. I believe there are two reasons the dominant culture misinterprets and make assumptions about the homosexual community; these two reasons consist of religious beliefs and social stigma of the dominant culture towards the subculture.Read MoreGender, Sex, And Sexuality1363 Words   |  6 PagesDiGulio Honor Freshman English-3 26 April 2016 Gender, Sex, and Sexuality Gender, sex, and sexuality are not new concepts in today’s society. These three terms have been around for a long time, but they have only just started to surface and be taught and understood by the nation. Slowly society is learning that sex does not determine one’s sexual orientation and gender and who you are is nothing to be ashamed about. A person’s sexuality has been with them ever since and before they were born. WhileRead MoreIntroduction Of Women s Studies 101.1002 Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pagesin the drag world, realness commonly refers to the ability to â€Å"blend† or â€Å"pass† as the opposite sex. The entirety of Janet Mock s Redefining Realness is exactly that, to take her own definition of the word and use it as a non-conformative mean to achieve self-actualization, to instead be real to herself rather than for anyone else s sake. Mock, through the struggle told in her own written story redefines a word with a variance of definitions in multiple communities, to not define her but be definedRead MorePsychoanalytic Personality Assessment1107 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieved. Comparisons and contrasts for psychoanalytic theories Freud emphasized on dreams and sexuality. Freuds psychoanalytic theory states that there are two content levels in dreams, latent content and manifest content. What a person consciously considers and remembers is the manifest content, and its underlying hidden meaning is the latent content. Freud believed that expressed or repressed sexuality was the driving force behind women and mens activities ADDIN EN.CITE Howard S Friedman2012118(HowardRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pagesaddresses many other issues as a result of intersecting identities. Although gender equality seems like a logical enough goal, many people are afraid to identify specifically as feminists, even if they agree with the concept. Much of the hesitancy to self-identify as a feminist comes from the plethora of negative stereotypes that surround the word. These stereotypes are not only harmful to the movement as a whole, but to the people who believe in the message but donâ€⠄¢t get involved because they fearRead MoreThe Stereotype Of The Gay Gang955 Words   |  4 Pagescategorizing identity, which innately allows men to reaffirm their power over women. Jolene is relieved that she did not wake up feeling like she needed to submerge herself into the â€Å"lesbian gang† (Lopez 251), because categorizing as a particular sex would mean she is also succumbing to a certain role or identity—defying every reason for her travels on the road. Second wave feminism includes those radical feminists who refused to share power with men, and held protests to abolish the notion of power. They

Poverty, By Oliver Twist - 1886 Words

The tattered-greasy haired girl rummages through the rancid garbage looking for anything to fill the empty void in her growling stomach. While rummaging she finds a piece of moldy bread and devours it without a second thought. Her undoing correlates to Oliver’s poverty-stricken life throughout the novel. There are many themes throughout this novel, but one of the more outstanding ones is poverty. It is understood that no matter how hard an individual can work their background and how they come about always comes back and bites them. Within Oliver Twist Oliver’s background of poverty plays a major role on how he is introduced to the world and it is also a basis of his value to society and how he is treated. In the novel Oliver Twist,†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, it depicts the many faults to society on how the poor are looked at. Many people look at homeless or panhandlers and hate them, because of their â€Å"laziness† without realizing what got the m there, such as Oliver he was put into the coffin makers home and valued at lesser than the dog just because of where he came from and how he was conceived. It is evidently obvious of the social class gap, and how poverty and high class individuals continue to keep the gap from closing. One of the many examples demonstrated would be Fagin and how he not only treated the boys, but what he had taught many of them. When Oliver is being chased down with people repeatedly yelling â€Å"Stop thief! Stop thief!† for a crime that he did not commit, further shows just how the society is (Dickens 83). Due to a member of the higher class Oliver is chased and hit just because the old thinks that it is him who pickpocketed him. It is evident when no one asks about details of the crime or is the old man was sure that it was Oliver that this normally happens and kids can be thrown into jail for a crime that they did not commit just because it is their word against an individual with moneys word. The continuous play on poverty and class is used in many different ways within the novel in order aid in conveying the message of unfairness of the livi ng conditions ofShow MoreRelatedConsequences Of Poverty In Oliver Twist By Charles Dickens1306 Words   |  6 Pages Oliver twist is one of the well known novel during the Victorian era. Charles Dickens, a nineteenth century writer mentions the the story of the young boy named Oliver twist in England and the advantures that happen to him.the novel theme up with many interrelated ideas.it is concentrated with the miseries of poverty and the spread of its degrading effects through society,Many evils are awaken in the society because of poverty for instance hunger, homelessness illiteracy etc.which was shown clearlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Charles Dickens s Oliver Twist 1539 Words   |  7 PagesDickens illustrates how people facing poverty are treated as criminals by the Victorian society and may cause them to be forced down the path of crime. He demonstrates this theory throughout his novel Oliver Twist. Oliver Twist is a novel about a ten year old orphan in the nineteenth century wh o is forced into labour at a workhouse. Dickens highlights the conditions of the workhouse to display the struggle one bares in order to survive. He uses the characters Oliver and Nancy to demonstrate people whoRead More`` The Pale Face Of A Young Woman `` By Charles Dickens974 Words   |  4 Pagessurvive. Poverty was a force that struck Victorian England with all of its might. Poverty is the state of being extremely poor and unable to provide for oneself. Trials and tribulations that one who is poverty stricken may encounter are vividly demonstrated in Charles Dickens’ novel Oliver Twist. Questions to consider when trying to understand this common lifestyle during the Victorian Era would be who lived in poverty, what was their lifestyle, and what were their living conditions. Since poverty wasRead MoreObstacles Faced By Oliver Twist1073 Words   |  5 PagesYoung ENG 3U 7 June 2017 Obstacles of Poverty in Oliver Twist There are seven billion people in the world today, and half of the global population lives in poverty. Poverty means more than just a state of being destitute. It means that people who are in poverty lack opportunities, choices in life, resources, as well as access to things that are important and crucial in an average person’s life. Poverty has been around since the creation of the world and the beginning ofRead MoreEssay on The Abuse of the Poor in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens968 Words   |  4 PagesThe Abuse of the Poor in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Charles Dickens shows notable amounts of originality and morality in his novels, making him one of the most well-known novelists of the Victorian Era and preserving him through his great novels and short stories. One of the reasons his work has been so popular is because his novels reflect the issues of the Victorian era, such as the great disregard of many Victorians to the situation of the poor. The reformation of the Poor Law in 1834Read MoreCharles Dickens Oliver Twist1150 Words   |  5 PagesOliver Twist, one of Charles Dickens greatest novel written in 1838, portrays the despotic social scenario of England at that time. The novel’s substitle is The Parish Boy’s Progress, which is a satirical depiction of an orphan boy, Oliver, who suffers from the miserable behavior of the authorities charged to care for orphan children. Oliver eventually becomes involved with a gang of criminals (Frank 19). It shows how a young mind gets manipulated by evil just because he suffers from the crueltyRead MoreCharles Dickens Biography1626 Words   |  7 PagesHe is living proof of childhood corruption and portrays himself as his young, mischievous, and perplexed characters Oliver Twist and David Copperfield. He proves that he is a product of the Victorian era as he brings attention to the childhood cruelty, the less fortunate in an English society, and the unwealthy dysfun ctional families of the early Victorian time period. Charles Dickens reflects these and other issues as he brings to life the realism of writing. While others were writing about theRead MoreOliver Twist: The Battle for Morality831 Words   |  3 PagesThe Battle for Morality in Oliver Twist In Oliver Twist, author Charles Dickens attacks the decomposing morals of Victorian society and law in the form of writing. He addresses major social conflicts and struggles between the rich, who hold positions of power, and the poor and working class who fight for economic justice. In addition, the book is representative of the need for moral values based on the author’s believe that people should not be oppressed, that every person deserves a chance. TheRead MoreEssay on The Theme of Childhood in Oliver Twist778 Words   |  4 PagesDoes Dickens present the theme of childhood in Oliver Twist. This essay shows the theme of childhood in Charles Dickens in the book Oliver Twist. Oliver Twists story begins with his birth in a workhouse. His mother dies shortly after giving birth to him, though long enough to kiss him on the forehead. As an illegitimate workhouse orphan Oliver seems doomed to a life of misery. Though deprived of education, affection and adequate food, Oliver still manages to triumph from rags to riches,Read MoreOliver Twist By Charles Dickens1370 Words   |  6 PagesOliver Twist was written by Charles Dickens, English writer and social critic. He is known as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. It was his second novel and was finished in September 1838. Dickens was writing two novels at the same time, The Pickwick Papers and Oliver Twist. Oliver Twist, tells of the complicated life of an orphan, Oliver, living in the streets of London. The story was inspired by Dickens childhood poverty where he had to get by on his own and earn his own way. Dickens

Cool (Buzzword Research Paper) Free Essays

What exactly is cool? While some slang words die the day after they are conceived, or can only be applied to a specific culture and geographical setting, cool is an ever expanding word that knows no bounds. You can find it describing the temperature of the water that comes from the right side of the faucet, or explaining why a product is something that everyone should own. It can describe the genre of music being listened to or a glance into someone’s personality. We will write a custom essay sample on Cool (Buzzword Research Paper) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only has it been used in a multitude of phrases across the nation, it is also one of the few slang words to have theories formed in an effort to understand it. Although, understanding the word goes beyond just knowing what it means and how it’s used, an understanding of the words origin also plays a key role. Cool has had a variety of meanings throughout time, although figuring out which was the first to be used in a slang sense varies on the sources looked at. Some say that the term’s first use is dated back to the origins of Beowulf, being used infrequently in the play by minor characters to describe the emotions of others as calm, dispassionate, or unexcited (Quinion). While this idea predates all of the other possibilities, the strongest and most prevalent speculation is that its birth was in the 1940s with the jazz age alongside the genre of cool jazz, in which, â€Å"Jazz aficionados used the term to distinguish this style from the hot jazz†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Quinion). Those who follow the idea that the term was first coined in Beowulf will agree with the popularity and increase of use during the 1940s, but will also say that the term had changed several times before, and is a cumulative result of those changes. While those supporting the belief that cool was born during the jazz age will reject the claims, state that the term was only initially used to represent the melodies of cool jazz, and didn’t become a â€Å"heavier† slang term until the mid-1940s and into the 1950s (MacAdams). Regardless of the debate over its first use, the different meanings cool undertook were across the board. Time-traveling back to the 1840s and calling someone cool could have put a smile on their face, or let them know that they needed to check their attitude. In this era it was attached to definitions such as assured, audacious, impudent, and could be found in phrases such as â€Å"Cool as a cucumber† or â€Å"A cool fish†. (Martin). Fast-forward ninety years – only a decade before the cool jazz explosion – and the word now takes a purely negative meaning thanks to its dictionary definition. According to Merriam-Webster, one of the many definitions of cool is, â€Å"Marked by steady dispassionate calmness and self-control†(Merriam-Webster). Since being dispassionate and on top of things in the ‘30s may have implied that someone was withdrawn or depressed, referring to someone as being cool was typically an insult (Gioia). It was due to this that phrases such as â€Å"A cool reception† and â€Å"A cool personality† were born. Ten years later came the birth of cool jazz, and the primary argument for the birth cool as a slang term. Only a few years beyond the jazz age in the 1950s, two new meanings for cool were born. The first held the meaning of controlled or discreet, and gave rise to phrases such as, â€Å"Stay cool†(Quinion). What is confusing however is that the second usage meant one of the following: restrained, relaxed, detached, stylish, excellent, or just about any other positive meaning, and was still used in the saying â€Å"Stay cool†(Quinion). Later on in the 1960s, the cool that meant relaxed or excellent, moved into common teen slang where it has since stayed – unaltered – for the past fifty years. Interestingly, while the word’s meanings are straight forward, its explanations for changing are not. Cool entered the English language as more than just a textbook explanation for temperature before the popularization of etymology. While most other slang words have also, their length of popularity was not as long, expansive, or as broad of a term, and because of this it makes determining the exact reason of change beyond difficult. Reasons for the changes between positive and negative connotations pre-1930s are almost nonexistent; however there is one major leading idea as to why the switch took place from the ‘30s to the ‘50s. The idea is that Black American English took the term, reversed its meaning to be positive, became popular within the black community, and was then released back into mainstream language. The only evidence to support this is that it would not have been the first occurrence, â€Å"If this is true, it wouldn’t be the first example of a type of slang construction common in modern American Black English — for example bad or wicked† (Gioia). Cool goes beyond being just another slang term; it also has its own theories based on its modern day interpretation. There are two major theories, the first being cool as a marketing device. According to PBS, this theory states that cool is a manufactured and empty idea that can be exploited by leaders of companies. These leaders control a cycle of â€Å"cooling† and â€Å"uncooling† products to create a false sense of need in the buyers mind in an effort to control the market. The second theory is cool as an elusive essence. According to Malcolm Gladwell, a writer for the Newyorker, cool is real, but an unknowable property. Cool is something that exists, but can never be obtained. This theory is defined by three major points: discovering what is cool causes cool to move on, cool can’t be made, only observed, and cool can only be seen by those who are already cool (Gladwell). The fact that cool is one of the longest lasting slang words in history promotes a lot of thought on its future uses and possibilities for change. Surprisingly, cool has avoided being sucked into professional use (as in keeping its slang meaning, but now as an acceptable reasoning for professions) and remained solely a slang term primarily used by young adults. Surviving several wars, and social evolutions, the future of cool looks ever expansive and limitless, which is cool all in itself. How to cite Cool (Buzzword Research Paper), Essays

Dead Poets Society Essay Example For Students

Dead Poets Society Essay The Plot Neil Perry, Todd Anderson, Knox Overstress, Charlie Dalton, Richard Cameron, Steven Meek, and Gerard Pits are senior students of the Walton Academy which is a privileged private school In New England. The story takes place during the first school semester of the year 1956. The pallors of the Walton College are tradition, honor, discipline and excellence. The teaching methods of their new English teacher, John Keating, are quite unorthodox for standards of Walton college curriculum. John Keating is an unusual Walton Teacher who has been found out by his students that a former student at Walton and a member of secret school literary club, the Dead Poets Society who has met in a cave off the school grounds. Keating Is an unusual teacher because on the contrary to his colleges whose teaching practices focus on merely homework and exams, Keating pushes his students to think and to seize the day. His actions start to reach some different endings for each student. Knox meets and falls in love with a girl named Chris, using his new-found love of poetry to woo her. Keating as he collaborated with the schools administrators to selfishly accuse Keating of encouraging Neil to commit suicide, he is complicit with the schools administrators. Cameron does not express feelings to others and only cares about his work. For example, on the first day of Settings class, Keating tells them they will all die one day, and it is up to them to take advantage of situations and make the most out of life. After class, Cameron asks if they will be tested on that lesson, showing his concern only for his grades and future career, not about what he can do to make the most of his life. Also, during their study group, Knox comes back from dinner and talks about Chris. Cameron shows no sympathy to Knox by telling him to forget about her and do Trig. Cameron is also a conformist. He is constantly following people, this is show in various scenes, some of these are: When Keating tells the class to rip out the pages of Pritchard introduction, Cameron watches everyone else do so, and only rips out his pages after he is encouraged to do so by Neil. Cameron only comes to the DIPS meeting because everyone else does. He tells his madman story after Neil tells him to go along with the group. Neil is the next person who was touched by Mr.. Keating. Neil Perry is a confident and popular student who excels well in his studies. He is well-liked by both his peers and teachers ND is a natural leader. Inspired by his passionate English teacher, Mr.. Keating, he reestablishes the Dead Poets Society. This shows that he is prepared to challenge the schools authority. Nils ambitions to become an actor are smothered by his controlling father who refuses to give Neil any choice about his future. As a result, Neil commits suicide at the end of the film. Charlie Dalton a. K. A Unhand is the third character that was affected by Mr.. Settings principles. He is rebellious, disobedient and reckless. Charlie Dalton is the most outgoing and daring of Welters students. He exists the authority of the school and is eventually expelled for refusing to sign the document accusing Mr.. Keating of Nils death. Attention-seeking, he also invites two girls to the Dead Poets Society meetings. Though he admires and respects Mr.. Keating, he takes Seatings principles too far and takes several foolish risks such as publishing an article in the schools newspaper under the name of an authority figure, to let girls attend Walton. Unhand always looks to see if people are watching him, and he always says witty comments such as when Keating asks why he stands upon the desk, Unhand replies, To feel taller. Also, when Keating asks why Robert Heroic wrote the lines he did, Unhand replies, Because hes in a hurry. This show that Charlie took Settings teachings too far and wrongly understood. In conclusion, we can say that all the students reacted differently to Seatings teachings. I wouldve gone Settings way and followed the boys who accepted his work. Keating had a great impact in this film, as he is shown encouraging his students to break free from traditionalism and become individuals who can think for themselves and believe that there is more to themselves than they have ever known on the thought of Carper Diem.

Fall Back On Fitness Essays - Physical Exercise, Self Care

Fall Back On Fitness Fall Back On Fitness As we head into the cooler autumn months, we undoubtedly expect that the upcoming holiday seasons surrounding Thanksgiving, Halloween, and (yes, already) Christmas will lead to our spending more and more time indulging and less and less time keeping ourselves healthy and fit. This doesn't have to be the case. We are not bears, and regardless of what one may think, we do not need to store up extra fat so that we may hibernate for the winter! Awareness of the potential pitfalls of the holiday season can prevent the pounds from sneaking up on you. Treat yourself to an early gift by purchasing a journal in which you can keep a daily record of your eating, exercise and stress behaviours. Keep an eye on your journal entries so that you'll notice your less than healthy behaviours and make changes before you get overwhelmed. One suggestion is to weigh yourself once a week during the holiday season. One study of weight loss over a 50-week period found that some study participants gained 500 percent more weight per week during holiday weeks as compared to non-holiday weeks. But the good news: Participants who consistently monitored and recorded their own behaviours were able to lose weight during the holidays. (Published in Health Psychology, July 1998.) The next suggestion is to remember that your body needs movement more than ever during the holiday season. Exercise releases tension, expends the calories of those holiday goodies, increases your energy levels so you can shop til' you drop, elevates your mood so you can combat holiday-related depression and be the life of the party, and gives you the gift of time for yourself. Here are some great ways to fit exercise into the busy fall season: ? Exercise first thing in the morning before you begin your busy day. ? Try to plan holiday activities around family and friends, instead of around food. Tell family and friends to bring walking shoes and comfortable clothes to your celebration. Then take a 30-minute walk together. You can do it in shifts so someone's always basting the turkey! ? Get into a routine now, before the holidays strike! Those who have previously developed a solid exercise habit will make the time to exercise even when they feel like they are ?too busy? to find the time.

Free Essays on The Slaves And The Slave Owners Views Of Slavery

The Slaves’ and the Slave owners’ Views of Slavery The slavery in the United States is no doubt a shameful history of our country. White people transferred the slaves living in Africa to the New Land and treated them as their property, not as human beings. The living and working conditions of slaves and their food were extremely poor. Those were inhuman conditions in which the slaves had to survive. Endless executions of the slaves made the situation even worse. Slavery was a period of time when one race treated the other race as animals, things, property, but not as people. Unfortunately, not everyone saw the situation as it was in reality at that time. As we can see from many different sources available today, the points of view of slaves and slave owners on slavery were the opposite of each other. That can be seen in various slaves’ and slave owners’ descriptions of slavery. Slaves described their dwellings, food, clothes, labor, and the terrible treatment of slaves by their masters. On the other hand, slave owners described the relationships between slaves and their masters in a very positive way. They argued that slavery is very beneficial for the slaves and the slaves are very happy to live with their masters. Let us now consider both these points of views in details. First of all, let us look at the slaves’ description of the cloth they wore. The clothes supply was as minimum as possible and the quality of the clothes was very bad. Here is how one of the slaves describes it. â€Å"Our dress was of tow cloth; for the children nothing but a shirt; for the older ones a pair of pantaloons or a gown in addition, according to the sex. ... In winter, a round jacket or overcoat, a wool hat once in two or three years, for the males, and a pair of coarse shoes once a year†(Lester 65). This scanty list of items was the only things available to the slaves. Certainly, it was not enough for the people who worked ver... Free Essays on The Slaves' And The Slave Owner's Views Of Slavery Free Essays on The Slaves' And The Slave Owner's Views Of Slavery The Slaves’ and the Slave owners’ Views of Slavery The slavery in the United States is no doubt a shameful history of our country. White people transferred the slaves living in Africa to the New Land and treated them as their property, not as human beings. The living and working conditions of slaves and their food were extremely poor. Those were inhuman conditions in which the slaves had to survive. Endless executions of the slaves made the situation even worse. Slavery was a period of time when one race treated the other race as animals, things, property, but not as people. Unfortunately, not everyone saw the situation as it was in reality at that time. As we can see from many different sources available today, the points of view of slaves and slave owners on slavery were the opposite of each other. That can be seen in various slaves’ and slave owners’ descriptions of slavery. Slaves described their dwellings, food, clothes, labor, and the terrible treatment of slaves by their masters. On the other hand, slave owners described the relationships between slaves and their masters in a very positive way. They argued that slavery is very beneficial for the slaves and the slaves are very happy to live with their masters. Let us now consider both these points of views in details. First of all, let us look at the slaves’ description of the cloth they wore. The clothes supply was as minimum as possible and the quality of the clothes was very bad. Here is how one of the slaves describes it. â€Å"Our dress was of tow cloth; for the children nothing but a shirt; for the older ones a pair of pantaloons or a gown in addition, according to the sex. ... In winter, a round jacket or overcoat, a wool hat once in two or three years, for the males, and a pair of coarse shoes once a year†(Lester 65). This scanty list of items was the only things available to the slaves. Certainly, it was not enough for the people who worked ver... Free Essays on The Slaves' And The Slave Owner's Views Of Slavery The Slaves’ and the Slave owners’ Views of Slavery The slavery in the United States is no doubt a shameful history of our country. White people transferred the slaves living in Africa to the New Land and treated them as their property, not as human beings. The living and working conditions of slaves and their food were extremely poor. Those were inhuman conditions in which the slaves had to survive. Endless executions of the slaves made the situation even worse. Slavery was a period of time when one race treated the other race as animals, things, property, but not as people. Unfortunately, not everyone saw the situation as it was in reality at that time. As we can see from many different sources available today, the points of view of slaves and slave owners on slavery were the opposite of each other. That can be seen in various slaves’ and slave owners’ descriptions of slavery. Slaves described their dwellings, food, clothes, labor, and the terrible treatment of slaves by their masters. On the other hand, slave owners described the relationships between slaves and their masters in a very positive way. They argued that slavery is very beneficial for the slaves and the slaves are very happy to live with their masters. Let us now consider both these points of views in details. First of all, let us look at the slaves’ description of the cloth they wore. The clothes supply was as minimum as possible and the quality of the clothes was very bad. Here is how one of the slaves describes it. â€Å"Our dress was of tow cloth; for the children nothing but a shirt; for the older ones a pair of pantaloons or a gown in addition, according to the sex. ... In winter, a round jacket or overcoat, a wool hat once in two or three years, for the males, and a pair of coarse shoes once a year†(Lester 65). This scanty list of items was the only things available to the slaves. Certainly, it was not enough for the people who worked ver...

Milionaire comparision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Milionaire comparision - Essay Example China’s number of millionaires is currently at 1.12 million in 2013 and is expected to rise to 2.1 million in 2018 thus representing an 88% increase. In the last one year, China experienced 90, 000 rising millionaires making her projections for 2018 to be doubled. This essay compares and analyses factors catapulting China and India’s rapid growth in the number of millionaires. China, India and Singapore recorded the highest increase in millionaires in 2011 and the Asia-Pacific experienced a rise in wealth while Western Europe and America encountered a decline in wealth. The millionaire households in China rose by16 percentage and India saw a 21% increase, which represented 1.43 million and 162, 000 respectively. Nevertheless, the millionaires households in America decreased by 129, 000. US seems to lose the number of millionaires to China and India where the percentage increase in overall private wealth in both China and India’s overall private wealth has been at tributed to their strong GDP (Datamonitor Financial, 2012). The two emerging markets tend to drive the future growth of wealth as the US, Western Europe and Japan loses wealth prompting the financial services and conventional wealth managers to look to the new markets for profit maximization. Banks in India and China are preparing themselves to capture their new millionaire clients. Although the United States and Japan rank first and second as the countries with a huge number of millionaires, the rapid growth in millionaires is only evident in India and China (New, 2012). According to Hess (2013), mature markets such as US, Japan and Western Europe experience either slow or negative growth while emerging markets such as China and India ride a wave of very strong momentum steering their people to greater heights. The china’s wealthy people rise at a higher rate compared to other countries experiencing financial crisis recovery. Rapid economic growth experienced in China, India and other emerging markets has largely contributed to the number of millionaires globally. The millionaires in these countries boast cash, stock and cash assets of more than $1 million and the two countries are likely to experience the rapid growth because of their many listed companies. The robust exports linked with both China and India enhanced their GDP growth making the rate triple the once for developed countries. Recent economic growth in both China and India that has resulted to a huge number of millionaires is based on exports mostly to Europe and North America. Upon joining World Trade Organization, China’s export has largely increased making her value of exports between 2006 and 2013 to double from $1.1 trillion to $2.3 trillion. Similarly, India is further expected to experience a growth in exports from $191 billion to $350 billion within the same period (Hess, 2013). The high rate of domestic demand in both countries due to their high population is likely to enh ance their respective economic expansion thus leading to emergence of more millionaires. The decrease in demand from Western Europe and the US because of the financial crisis and the Eurozone’s debt challenges can therefore stall the growth of China’s economy. Interestingly, the impressive economic growth in India and China is unequal making their millionaires to represent 3.0% of the larger population. Rate of unequal

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 55

Case Study - Essay Example This implies that Ms. A has progressively lost excessive amount of blood thus resulting in the reduction of her iron levels. Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia especially among women. Iron is a fundamental composition of blood. Among the common causes of the iron-deficiency anemia is excessive blood loss as is the case with Ms. A. heavy menstrual flow among women is the leading cause of iron loss thereby causing the anemia (Fry & Sandler, 1993). Ms. A explains that ever since she was ten she suffered from both menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal. The excessive loss of blood results in the loss of the red blood cells thus reducing the amount of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a significant component of the red blood responsible for the red pigmentation of the blood. Besides coloring the blood, hemoglobin transports oxygen to the various tissues of the body. Excessive bleeding thus results in the loss of hemoglobin a feature that impairs the functionality of the body tissues since they will not receive adequate amounts of oxygen (Hoffbrand, Moss & Pettit, 2011). Oxygen facilitates metabolism. As such, pe ople with minimal amounts of oxygen will lack adequate energy. Ms. A has noted specific symptoms since the beginning of the current golf season. The symptoms include shortness of breath, lack of energy and enthusiasm among many others. These symptoms are characteristic of iron deficiency anemia. As explained earlier, excessive bleeding results in the loss of hemoglobin a pigment responsible for transporting oxygen to the tissues of the body. The lab report provides succinct symptoms of the iron-deficiency anemia. Key among the components of the lab report is the fact that red blood cell smear showed microcytic and hypochromic cells. This implies that the red blood cells appear pale and thinner than in normal circumstances (Uthman, 1998). Ms. A’s blood appears so owing to the deficiency of hemoglobin in her red

Assessing The Economic Performance Of Asda Business Essay

Assessing The Economic Performance Of Asda Business Essay ASDA Group Ltd is UK number one largest food retailers. It sold variety of items like food, books, apparel, CDs, electronics and house hold items. Earlier they have started as just superstore and today they have expanded themselves globally. Goal of ASDA The main aim of any organization is to survive or exit in the market .for this they believe in Value for money Competitive prices Meeting Consumer needs Progressive returns on investment. ASDA aims to make goods and services more affordable for the people. Mission statement of ASDA The mission statement of ASDA is to be the Britains best value retailer exceeding customer needs always. It has shown that it value a lot for the respect of the individual, customer service and excellence. Marketing strategy of ASDA ASDA is playing on low price/low cost strategy in the market. They have lowered down their operating cost as well as carbon foot-printing with the help of sustainable development programmes. They are using the strategy in which they are trying to use the best quality products but with the lowered price so that maximum number of customers can be attracted. They have tried their best to maintain a good relationship with the customers. They have improved a lot in the customer services. They have played a strategy of ASDA price guarantee to win the trust of the customers to a large extent. Organization behaviour Organizational behaviour basically deals with the deep study of the impact of all the activities of individuals and groups within the behaviour of the organization. It also deals with the study of the impact of organizational structure on human behaviour. In organizational behaviour there is a integration of many other studies like sociology, psychology, social psychology and economics. Organizational behaviour aims with the study of contribution of human behaviour towards achieving greater efficiency and growth of the organization. Organization behaviour can be defined as systematic study of actions and attitudes that people exhibit within the organization (Stephen P. Robin) Taking the impact of different fields on the organization behaviour its seen that the study sociology deals with the group dynamics. It shows the impact on the group behaviour to a large extent. It also deals with the roles played by the individuals in the organization, power, status, communication, conflict management, group processes, formal organizational theories, group decision-making and norms. Psychology has impacted the organization in studies like job-satisfaction, leadership, individual decision-making, performance appraisal, and work stress and ego state. With the help of study of psychology it helps the organization to change the attitude, improving personal skills and generating positive approach for the development of the organization. Even psychology is also considered important for the selection of the employees as it helps in reading the mind of the person, doing the measurement of the personality aptitude and attitude. As the organization need to keep an eye over the government rules and regulations. Political science helps the company in knowing the position for financial investment, employment and expansion and doing the promotion of international business. Social psychology is the blend of the psychology and sociology to obtain better human behaviour in the organization. It contributes to the ability of the people in the organization, maintenance of the social norms, group decision-making and managing the change. Anthropology takes into account the cultural and environmental framework for the human behaviour study. People, structure and technology are the three main components of the organization. For the achievement of the goal of the company they need to focus on these three factors. The company should fulfil the desired needs of their employees as well as maintain a good relationship with them. Teams and groups also play vital role in achieving goal of the company. The organization could have formal and informal structure. The formal structures do have some proper set of objectives set to priories whereas informal structure does not have any such objectives to be taken care of. So basically organization behaviour includes the study which involves the management of interpersonal relationship, identification of the needs of the people and application of the appropriate strategies to obtain the best result. VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR ISSUES Organization culture of ASDA Organization culture reflects the personality of an organization. ASDA believes that they have a very unique culture. They have defined their values to their customers, employees and to do best of them. For ASDA their customers are the main entity for them. They try to create an understandable and positive environment for their customers. The employees are also allowed to freely present their views for the betterment of the company. The employees participate in different programmes held by the ASDA so that they can very well mix up among themselves and with the top level management. ASDA always try to motivate their employees by giving different schemes and trips. So ASDA have a positive culture with some rules and regulation made to achieve the objective of the company. they also follow all the legal laws and try to produce good variety of product keeping in mind the health of their customers. Organizational change in ASDA RESEARCH LEWIN MODEL OF CHANGE Kurt lewin proposed a three stage theory of change known as unfreeze, change, and refreeze. Stage 1 The unfreezing stage is one of the crucial stages for any organisation. This stage is about getting ready to change. It is basically feeling the presence of necessary change to be made in the company and getting ready to move from current comfort zone. It is said that the more we feel that change is necessary, the more urgent it is, and the more motivated we are to make the change. Unfreezing and getting motivated for the change is all about weighing up the pros and cons and deciding if the pros outnumber the cons before you take any action. This is the basis of what Kurt Lewin called the Force Field Analysis. Force Field Analysis is a fancy way of saying that there are lots of different factors for and against making change that we need to be aware of. If the factors for change outweigh the factors against change well make the change. If not, then theres low motivation to change and if we feel pushed. Stage 2: Change or Transition The next step after unfreezing is the change or transition. It is the inner movement or journey we make in reaction to a change. This second stage occurs as we make the changes that are needed. It is often said that this is the hardest step as people are unsure or even fearful. Its not a easy time as people are learning about the changes and need to be given time to understand and work with them. Members are being supported by providing a full training and coaching. Using role models and allowing people to develop their own solutions also help to make the changes. Its also really useful to keep communicating a clear picture of the desired change and the benefits to everyone in the organization. Stage 3: Freezing (or Refreezing) Kurt Lewin refers to this stage as freezing although a lot of people refer to it as refreezing. As the name suggests this stage is about establishing stability once the changes have been made. The changes are accepted and become the new norm. People form new relationships and become comfortable with their routines. It could take a lot of time. In todays world of change the next new change could happen in weeks or less. There is just no time to settle into comfortable routines. The rigidity of freezing does not fit with modern thinking about change being a continuous, sometimes chaotic process in which great flexibility is demanded. Organization change in ASDA ASDA was the second largest supermarket store in the United Kingdom in 2005. ASDA has positioned itself as a value for money store in the market. Slowly they expanded themselves into apparel, books, CDs, groceries, and other various household items. In the same year they got award for the lowest price supermarket. The competitors of ASDA like Tesco and J. Sainsbury were also trying to increase the market position by expanding themselves into the financial products, newspaper, pharmaceutical products, clothes and petrol. ASDA were having the hierarchical structure. There were eight levels up to the CEO of the store. These were layered like staff members, supervisor, department manager, general store manager, regional operations controller, division director, operations director, joint managing director and chief executive. ASDA were having the formal way of organizing culture of the organization. They were using the bureaucratic way of management. The staff members are kept in separate part of the headquarters to the top executives. The major issues were handled by the top executives only. It was seen that the communication pattern between the head office and the stores was one way with top-down management style. They were using the centralised distribution but still there customer number was declining rapidly. Regarding the quality of food they had tried their best to provide fresh food to the customers but still they were not able to convince the customer up to the expected levels. So they were facing the complexity problem in the management. ASDA did work on recognising their strength through using well IT, up to date effective distribution system and good operating management. To improve the ASDA management they tried to remove the too many layers of the management and creating narrow structure to better understand the organization. They bring in many changes in the organization like: They started working on increasing the price competitiveness Redirection the range and breakthrough in store productivity ASDA started generating the higher volumes to improve in terms of trading Restoring the customer flow They tried to reduce the fixed cost % to sales and increase the traffic sensitive purchases CRITICAL ANALYSIS As the market is not stable, its changing every day. The organization needs to be such flexible that it can maintain its position in the market. Looking at the ASDA they have well established themselves. With the changes in the economy they are changing their strategy and competing in the market. Analysing the competitors strategy ASDA has adopted the different strategy of low price. They have stabled themselves in creating higher volume of products with low prices to gain majority of the customer in the market. LEADERSHIP THEORIES Research McGregor Theory According to McGregor, manager of organization posses two different assumptions about the human nature. He explained these two assumptions in two different theories: Theory X and Theory Y According to theory X The human being has always being inherited for the disliking of the work. They always try to avoid the work either they can do or not. According to him, managers always think that their employees are lazy. Manager has to forced, direct and controlled his people to do work. In this management, usually managers use to punish and threatened their employees to get the work done. They already have thinking that people avoid taking the responsibilities for the work. Whereas in theory Y the manager uses a positive way of approach to get the work done. According to them just the external threatening and punishment is not just the way to bring efforts to achieve the objectives of the organization. They have a mind set about their employees that they are responsible for their work and they take the responsibilities by themselves. Leadership in ASDA ASDA believes in developing its people. They provided lots of opportunities to its people to develop the leadership quality. They believe in McGregor theory y. They totally have a positive approach towards their employee handling. ASDA arranges many programmes for the development of their people. They create awareness among their employees to gather information about different fields. The employees working as ASDA either individually or working as a team learn to face challenges. The different method adopted by ASDA is that they make different teams and make them competitor among themselves by providing the same task and hence see their performance by the results gained for the betterment of the company. So like this ASDA do lots of efforts in bringing their employees the self-esteem. Critical analysis Looking at the approaches adopted by ASDA to get leadership quality in their employees it could be analysed that they are working for the people. They are successfully achieving their target of making the profit, good image and relationship with their customers as well as employees. Motivation Research Frederick Herzberg was a well respected American who proposed the theory behind the managers thinking about motivation at work.  He has given a content theory which explains the factors of an individuals motivation by identifying their needs and desires, what satisfies their needs and desires and by establishing the aims that they pursue to satisfy these desires. He aims to determine work situations where the subjects were highly motivated and satisfied rather than where the opposite was true and his research was later paired with many studies involving a broader sampling of professionals. Herzberg split his factors of motivation into two parts called Hygiene factors and Motivation factors.   The Hygiene factors can de-motivate or cause dissatisfaction if they are not present, but do not very often create satisfaction when they are present; however, Motivation factors do motivate or create satisfaction and are rarely the cause of dissatisfaction.   The two types of factors may be listed as follows in order of importance: Hygiene Factors (leading to dissatisfaction): Company Policy Supervision Relationship with Boss Work Conditions Salary Relationship with Peers Motivators (leading to satisfaction): Achievement Recognition The work itself Responsibility Advancement Growth The dissatisfiers are hygiene factors in the sense that they are maintenance factors required to avoid dissatisfaction and stop workers from being unhappy, but do not create satisfaction in themselves.   They can be avoided by using hygienic methods to prevent them. From the above It is clear that the factors in each are not actually opposing i.e. the satisfiers are not the opposite of the dissatisfiers.  The opposite of satisfaction isnt dissatisfaction but is no satisfaction.   Both lists contain factors that lead to motivation, but to a differing extent because they fulfil different needs.   The Hygiene factors have an end which once fulfilled then cease to be motivating factors while the Motivation factors are much more open-ended and this is why they continue to motivate. He also developed the concept that there are two distinct human needs: 1)  Physiological needs: avoiding unpleasantness or discomfort 2)  Psychological needs: the need for personal development fulfilled by activities which cause one to grow. Herzberg believed that the Hygiene factors causing no satisfaction are not applicable to the task an employee undertakes but are external to that task.   They are the Adam part of the concept where an incentive may be attributed to a fear of punishment or increase in discomfort or as he phrased it A Kick up the Ass (KITA).   He thought that these did work but only as short term motivators e.g. constantly increasing someones salary to motivate them will merely encourage them to look for the next wage rise and nothing else; however, salary may also be a de-motivator where the employee perceives it to be too low or low compared to that of their peers.   The long term motivators are the Abraham part of the concept that lead to satisfaction and are intrinsic to the job itself and the job design.   It is important to understand that the two types of factors are not mutually exclusive and that management must try to fulfil both types of need for an employee to be truly satisfied with their job.   Once the Hygiene factors have been satisfied providing more of them will not create further motivation but not satisfying them may cause de-motivation; unlike the Motivation factors where management may not fulfil all of them but the workers may still feel motivated.   Major companies have recognised this situation when designing their methods of reward and recognition. Probably one of the most important ideas that Herzberg postulated based on his findings of satisfaction is that of job enrichment. This is the addition of different tasks to a job to provide greater involvement and interaction with that job.   It is obviously a continuous management process: The job must use the full ability of the employee and provide them with sufficient challenge Any employee who demonstrates an increasing level of ability should be given correspondingly increasing levels of responsibility If a job cannot be designed to use an employees full ability management should consider employing someone of lesser skills or perhaps automation of the task.   If a persons skills cannot be used to the full they will experience problems with motivation. Motivation at ASDA The employees at ASDA are being motivated intervaly. The organization makes sure that that all the needs of the members are fulfilled and they are satisfied so that they can work properly without any fear of demand of the economy. The ASDA gives the worker on job training which let them know more about the new technologies being used and helps in building their self-esteem. If the persons self-esteem is achieved the person has a thinking that he has gained in his life all the desires he wish to have. Critical analysis ASDA has done good job in motivating its employees but it could do more by providing many options in front of them. They can motivate their employees more by increasing the slary time to time and according to the level of the job done by the person. They can give various gifts to their employees which will help ASDA to make good relationship with the employees. Well I believe Tesco had done a great job in terms of motivating their employees. If the basic need of a person is fulfilled properly he is able to perform well at his/her work. Tesco is making their full effort to fulfil their employees need by providing them various schemes and gifts. Due to this their employees are working properly. Training and development a)Theory behind training and development Frederick W. Taylor. Taylor was the first modern efficiency expert in world history. Around the Twentieth Century, he formalized the principles of Scientific Management and developed a set of ideas designed to get employees in manufacturing industries to produce more output. Scientific training is one of the most important principles of scientific management. According to Taylor an organization should trained its employees more of scientifically rather than leaving it to themselves because Workers do not naturally enjoy work and so need close supervision and control. Taylors approach matches with the concept of an autocratic management style (managers take all the decisions and simply give orders to those below them) and Macgregors Theory X approach to workers (workers are viewed as lazy and wish to avoid responsibility). It aims to unearth and cultivate workmens endowment, let them have the best performance in their work and obtain the highest efficiency farthest. At crew level ther e is considerable initial and ongoing training that is consistently applied to everybody in the business, whether part, full time, hourly paid staff or salaried managers undergoing their compulsory restaurant training? Scientific management has become a more powerful asset for a company to increase its efficiency. Training and development at ASDA ASDA has a strong belief on providing training to its employees. It has always tried to develop some new skill in the employee so that it can do its best in the future and becomes the member of the company for its betterment. When a new employee is hired there is a proper induction programme held in which the employee is introduced to the organization and to the other members. Then there is a 12-week on job training provided by ASDA trainer who tries to generate the appropriate skills required to do the different job in the store. Even during the training the employee is made to sit with the manager and see how they work in the company. once the training of the particular department of the person is finished the trainer makes sure that the employee is also ensure about the other valuable knowledge required to become the part of the company. Once the employee is trained, ASDA dont feel that the job is done it tries to update their employees on the regular basis and see how they are pe rforming. For the development of the people, several programmes are held by the company. CRITICAL ANALYSIS ASDA is spending a lot on providing training to its employees. They are taking training and development as an important part of their business. With the help of proper training and development its employees are more comfortable with the environment and they are able to handle the customers very well. Conclusion I believe that first of all customers create some expectation of value and then they start to make a purchase on a belief that whatever they perceive the product or service , must gives benefit in terms of the total cost involved. This may include not only the time, but may be some efforts and difficulties. Therefore a better customer value is provided when the buyer is favorable in the product received from us in comparison to the same product with the competitors. And ASDA has proven this when compared to Sainsbury or tesco. Taking into account the objectives of ASDA I felt that to a large extent they had fulfilled their objectives. As one of their important objective is to be globally accepted by the customers. They are placing a good image in front of the customers by maintaining a good relationship and keeping in mind the health of their customers as priority. Recommendation I examined the organization and the nature of the work in the ASDA stores, the employment relationship and the characteristics of the workforce in U K. After doing research on the organizational behavioural issues at ASDA I believe they should more emphasize on human requirement and performance standard because that would help human resource in making better job description and job specification. Increasing transparency can help clarify rumours and allow people to understand the ASDA very well. As far as I have seen ASDA is using trend analysis method for future forecasting if computerized forecasting is done in place of it , they could save time as well as they would know better about their employees through computerized system. Moreover the recruiting and selection process in ASDA is very fine but still I believe that while recruiting communication skill of the employee must be the first priority as its a field in which communication with customers demands a lot in making good relationship with customers. Summary ASDA has always tried to capture the major market by concentrating on the lower class and middle class people. With the help of this strategy they are able to compete with the other major player in the market like TESCO. Most of all the greatest advantage is the vision or the dream with which the company was started. Sustaining this dream over the years is any companies greatest advantage. A brand usually revolves around this vision sustaining this vision and working in lieu with it is a great SCA. The vision was to provide quick service, cheap products and quality satisfaction. Although the work offered at ASDA have some positive elements, but very often people choose employment there in context of having few attractive options. ASDA manages the employees relationship by a complete spectrum of controls, from simple, direct controls to the management of subjectivity.

As I Lay Dying :: essays research papers fc

As I Lay Dying William Faulkner's As I Lay Dying is a novel about how the conflicting agendas within a family tear it apart. Every member of the family is to a degree responsible for what goes wrong, but none more than Anse. Anse's laziness and selfishness are the underlying factors to every disaster in the book. As the critic Andre Bleikasten agrees, "there is scarcely a character in Faulkner so loaded with faults and vices" (84). At twenty-two Anse becomes sick from working in the sun after which he refuses to work claiming he will die if he ever breaks a sweat again. Anse becomes lazy, and turns Addie into a baby factory in order to have children to do all the work. Addie is inbittered by this, and is never the same. Anse is begrudging of everything. Even the cost of a doctor for his dying wife seems money better spent on false teeth to him. "I never sent for you" Anse says "I take you to witness I never sent for you" (37) he repeats trying to avoid a doctor's fee. Before she dies Addie requests to be buried in Jefferson. When she does, Anse appears obsessed with burying her there. Even after Addie had been dead over a week, and all of the bridges to Jefferson are washed out, he is still determined to get to Jefferson. Is Anse sincere in wanting to fulfill his promise to Addie, or is he driven by another motive? Anse plays "to perfection the role of the grief-stricken widower" (Bleikasten 84) while secretly thinking only of getting another wife and false teeth in Jefferson. When it becomes necessary to drive the wagon across the river, he proves himself to be undeniably lazy as he makes Cash, Jewel, and Darl drive the wagon across while he walks over the bridge, a spectator. Anse is also stubborn; he could have borrowed a team of mules from Mr. Armstid, but he insists that Addie would not have wanted it that way. In truth though Anse uses this to justify trading Jewel's horse for the mules to spare himself the expense. Numerous times in the book he justifies his actions by an interpretation of Addie's will. Anse not only trades Jewel's horse without asking, but he also steals Cash's money. Later on he lies to his family saying that he spent his savings and Cash's money in the trade. "I thought him and Anse never traded," Armstid said. "Sho," they did "All they liked was the horse" Eustace a farmhand of Mr. Snopes said.

Exercise Physiology

Direct calorimetry uses the measurement of heat production as an indication of metabolic rate. * Indirect calorimetry estimates metabolic rate via the measurement of oxygen consumption. * Energy expenditure can be expressed in L†¢min-1, kcal†¢min-1, ml†¢kg-1†¢min-1, METs, and kcal†¢kg-1†¢hr-1. * To convert L†¢min-1 to kcal†¢min-1, multiply by 5. 0 kcal†¢L-1. * To convert L†¢min-1 to ml†¢kg-1†¢min-1, multiply by 1000 and divide by body weight in kilograms. * To convert ml†¢kg-1†¢min-1 to METs or kcal†¢kg-1†¢hr-1, divide by 3. 5 ml†¢kg-1†¢min-1. Efficiency: * Exercise work rate Efficiency decreases as work rate increases * Speed of movement* There is an optimum speed of movement and any deviation reduces efficiency * Muscle fiber type * Higher efficiency in muscles with greater percentage of slow fibers SUMMARY: Net efficiency is defined as the mathematical ratio of work performed divided by the e nergy expenditure above rest, and is expressed as a percentage. * The efficiency of exercise decreases as the exercise work rate increases. This occurs because the relationship between work rate and energy expenditure is curvilinear. To achieve maximal efficiency at any work rate, there is an optimal speed of movement. * Exercise efficiency is greater in subjects who possess a high percentage of slow muscle fibers compared to subjects with a high percentage of fast fibers.This is occurs because slow muscle fibers are more efficient than fast fibers. * Not possible to calculate net efficiency of horizontal running * Running Economy * Oxygen cost of running at given speed * Lower VO2 (ml†¢kg–1†¢min–1) at same speed indicates better running economy * Gender difference * No difference at slow speeds At â€Å"race pace† speeds, males may be more economical that females 170-188 CIRCULATORY RESPONSE TO EXERCISE Organization: arteries branch to form vessels, v essels become microscopic and form arterioles, which develop into â€Å"beds† called capillaries. Capillaries are the smallest and most numerous of blood vessels—exchange of oxygen, CO2, and nutrients. Blood passes from capillary beds to venules that move back to heart and increase in size becoming veins. Mixed venous blood= mixture of venous blood from both upper and lower body in the right side of the heart. *it represents an average of venous blood from entire body.HEART: Right/left side separated by muscular wall called interventricular septum (prevents mixing blood from sides). Valves: Bicuspid/mitral = left atrioventricular valve **atrioventriculars close when heart contracts to prevent backflow. Tricuspid= right atrioventricular valve Semilunar valve (pulmonary semilunar)- b/w right ventricle and pulmonary artery. Prevents backflow from arteries into ventricles. Aortic valve (aortic semilunar)= b/w left ventricle and aorta. Also prevents backflow†¦ Right si de pumps deoxygenated blood to pulmonary circuit so oxygen can be loaded and CO2 released.Left side pumps oxygenated blood to body via systemic circuit. RIGHT: to lungs LEFT: to body Heart sounds are due to closing of atrioventricular valves (first sound-systole) and the closing of aortic and pulmonary valves (second sound-diastole) Wall of heart is 3 layered: 1) outer layer is epicardium, 2) muscular middle layer called myocardium, 3) inner layer endocardium. Myocardium contracts to force blood out. Right and left coronary arteries supply myocardium Cardiac muscle fibers are shorter than skeletal and are branched and involuntary. Heart muscle fibers are all connected via intercalated discs- transmit electrical impulses.They are leaky membranes that allow ions to cross b/w fibers (contract together= functional syncytium). *atria contract separate from ventricles because there is a separating layer of CT *heart is only type 1, slow fiber- highly aerobic, many mitochondria (more than skeletal). Cardiac cycle: Systole- contraction phase (blood ejected) Diastole- relaxation period (arterial BP decreases– filling) There is also an atrial systole and diastole. Atrial contraction during ventricular diastole, atrial relaxation when ventricular systole. *SO there are TWO steps of heart pumping. *atria contract together, which empties arterial blood into ventricles. . 1 second and then ventricles contract to deliver blood to systemic and pulmonary circuits.*when atria relax, blood flows into them from venous circulation as they fill, pressure inside increases. Increase in HR less time spent in diastole (not as much impact on time in systole until at high HR) Arterial Blood Pressure: -greatest in arteries BP = the force exerted by blood against the arterial walls. Determined by how much blood is pumped and the resistance to blood flow. -male: 120/80, female: 110/70 systolic/diastolic dif between the two is calls â€Å"pulse pressure† â€Å"mean arterial pr essure†= av pressure during cardiac cycle. determines rate of blood flow through systemic circuit Mean arterial pressure = DBP + . 33 (pulse pressure) (DBP: diastolic blood pressure) (pulse pressure: dif between systolic and diastolic pressure) SO, if someone has bp 120/80, Mean arterial pressure= 80mmHg + . 33(120 – 80) = 93 mmHg *but this calculation is only used for cardiac cycle at rest.Hypertension- increases workload on left ventricle so cardiac mass increases, but this eventually results in diminished pumping capacity. Also increase risk for other disease/damage of body parts like brain and kidneys. 20% all US adults Factors influencing arterial BP: ) cardiac output—amount of blood pumped from heart 2) total vascular resistance – sum of resistance to blood flow by all systemic blood vessels. —blood volume, blood viscosity Mean arterial blood pressure = (cardiac output x total vascular resistance) *so increase in either will increase the mean art. BP Blood pressure increases when increase in: blood volume, HR, SV, blood viscosity, peripheral resistance. And it decreases when any of those decrease. BP regulated short term by the sympathetic NS, long term by the kidneys (bc they control blood volume). Baroreceptors- sense arterial blood pressure in carotid artery and aorta.Increase in pressure send impulses to CV control center which will decrease the sympathetic activity (lowers cardiac output and/or reduces vascular resistance lowers BP). Decrease in BP reduction of baroreceptors activity to brain CV control center increases sympathetic activity raise BP to normal Electrical Activity of the Heart: Sionatrial node (SA node)- in the right atrium (by the vena cava). responsible for spontaneous electrical activity in normal heart, it’s the pacemaker. Occurs due to decay of resting membrane potential (bc of diffusion of NA during diastole).When SA is depolarized and reaches threshold, a wave of depolarization is spread over the atria contraction! Wave of atrial depolarization needs special conductive tissue to transport it to the ventricles. This conductive tissue is called the atrioventricular node (AV node- in floor of right atrium). When blood from atria empties into ventricles, the conductive pathways branch into smaller fibers called purkinje fibers that spread the wave of depolarization through ventricle so it can contract. Electrocardiogram (ECG)- recording of electrical charges in myocardium during cardiac cycle. –ability of hear to conduct impulses.P wave- depolarization of atria QRS complex- depolarization of ventricles and atrial repolarization(during beginning of systole, aprx . 10 seconds after Pwave) T wave- ventricular repolarization (same time as QRS, but at the beginning of diastole) CARDIAC OUTPUT (Q): Q = HR X SV Regulation of heart rate: -because SA node controls HR, changes in HR involve factors influencing SA node. Most influence over HR: parasympathetic and sympathet ic NS Parasympathetic NS- acts as braking system to slow HR using vagus nerve which touches SA and AV node and releases acetylcholine decrease activity of SA and AV nodes due to hyperpolarization= reduce HR. —initial increase in HR during exrcise up to 100bpm is due to decrease in parasympathetic tone. Sympathetic fibers use cardiac accelerator nerves to innervate both SA node and ventricles.Increase HR and myocardial contraction when they release norepinephrine. –beta receptors *all beta-blocking drugs will decrease resting HR and exercise HR. CV control center regulates- pressure receptors in right atrial respond when there is increased pressure by increasing Q to reduce the BP. Body Temp also influences HR. increase temp = increase HR Regulation of stroke volume: ) end-diastolic volume (EDV aka â€Å"preload†) (volume of blood at end of diastole) 2) average aortic BP 3) strength of ventricular contraction EDV- Frank and Starling, stronger contraction with hig her EDV bc there is more stretch of ventricles. EDV influenced by rate of venous return to heart- more return= higher EDV. Venous return regulated by: 1) venoconstriction – reduced volume capacity of veins to store blood. *sympathetic control- activates organ increase HR (the parasympathetic inhibits activation decrease HR) 2) muscle pump—muscles contract and compress veins blood pushed to heart.Venous return reduced when muscles are contracted. isometric exercise, mechanical. 3) respiratory pump- breathing decreases pressure in chest and increases abdominal pressure so venous blood flows from abdominal into thorax and increases return. *more respiration in exercise Aortic pressure (mean arterial pressure/afterload)- to eject blood, pressure in left ventricle must be more than in the aorta. Increase in aortic pressure= decrease SV. Less afterload during exercise bc arteriole dilation reduces afterload. Circulating epinephrine-norepinephrine (increase Ca+ entry) and dir ect sympathetic stimulation of heart by cardiac accelerator nerves.Increase in sympathetic stimulation of heart increases SV at any level of EDV. HEMODYNAMICS: -blood flow is in a continuous loop. Physical characteristic of blood- composed of plasma (watery portion, contains ions/proteins/hormones) and cells (called the hematocrit: RBC/platelets/WBC). Hematocrit= 42% of blood (38% in college women), the rest is plasma. RBCs are largest part of a blood cell—influence viscosity. Anemia decreases RBC, so decreases viscosity Relationships among pressure, resistance, and flow: Rate of flow is proportional to pressure difference. Inversely proportioned to resistance.Blood Flow= change in pressure/ resistance -Change in pressure is the dif between the two ends of the circulatory system -resistance due to length of vessel and viscosity, and radius of vessel **Blood flow increases with increase in BP or with decrease in resistance. -during exercise blood flow increases mainly due to d ecrease in resistance with small rise in pressure. Resistance = (length x viscosity)/ radius^4 (**so radius is VERY important-vasoconstriction/vasodilation) Sources of vascular resistance: -vasoconstriction/vasodilation the greatest vascular resistance in blood flow occurs in arterioles.Pg 188 – 196 Changes in oxygen delivery to muscle during exercise: Metabolic need for O2 increases so there is an increase in blood flow to muscle- increase O2 delivery by 1) increased cardiac output and 2) redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle. Changes in cardiac output during exercise: -cardiac output increases in proportion to metabolic rate for task -maximal cardiac output decreases after 30 yrs of age mostly bc of decreased maximal heart rate with age. Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume Max HR = 220 – age (years)Changes in Arterial-Mixed Venous O2 content during exercise: -change in arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference (a – VO2 diff)during exercise. It represents the amount of O2 taken from 100 ml of blood by the tissue during 1 systemic circuit. The relationship between cardiac output (Q), a – VO2 diff, and oxygen uptake is given by the Fick equation: VO2 = Q X (a- VO2 diff). Fick equation: VO2 is equal to the product of cardiac output and the a-VO2 diff. *SO INCREASE IN CARDIAC OUTPUT OR (a – VO2 diff ) WOULD ELEVATE VO2. Redistribution of Blood Flow During Exercise:Increase flow to skeletal muscles and decrease to less-active organs like liver, kidneys, GI tract. Increase in muscle blood flow and decrease in splanchnic blood flow change as a linear function of %VO2 max. -at rest aprx 15-20% total cardiac output is directed to skeletal muscles. -during maximal exercise 80-85% of total cardiac output goes to skeletal muscle (to help meet oxygen needs for contracting) -during heavy exercise % that goes to brain is reduced compared to rest. -total coronary blood flow increases due to incre ase in cardiac output -reduction of blood flow to skin and abdominal organsRegulation of local blood flow during exercise: Regulated with arterioles in skeletal muscles that have a high vascular resistance at rest (due to adrenergic sympathetic stimulation which causes vasoconstriction). This results in low blood flow to muscle (4-5 ml/min per 100g muscle) but this is still 20-25% total flow from heart. **autoregulation (an intrinsic metabolic control) -vasodilation (opens vessels) results from local changes during exercise like decrease in O2 tension, increase in CO2 tension, nitric oxide, potassium and adenosine concentrations, increase in acidity.Vasodilation reduces vascular resistance and therefore increases blood flow. Also aided by recruitment of cappilaries- at rest only 5-10% of capillaries are open, all are open during heavy exercise. **level of vasodilation regulated by metabolic need of the muscle (intensity and # of motor units recruited determines blood flow to active muscle fibers) during exercise, vascular resistance in skeletal muscle decreases and vascular resistance to flow in the visceral organs/other inactive tissue increases. *because on increased sympathetic output to these organs regulated by CV control center. increase in visceral vasoconstriction during exercise decreases blood flow to viscera by 20-30% resting value. During exercise in upright position, SV reaches plateau at 40% VO2 max, therefore, at work rate about 40% VO2 max, the rise in cardiac output (Q) is due to increased HR only.CIRCULATORY RESPONSES TO EXERCISE: HR and blood pressure at any VO2 (oxygen uptake) are higher in arm than in leg -higher HR in hot/humid conditions emotional influence- HR increase with high emotion because increase in sympathetic NS activity. Does not generally alter peak HR or blood pressure during exercise itself but does elevate pre-exercise HR. ransition from rest to exercise- increase in HR and SV and cardiac output at beginning of exercise (a fter 1st second! ) then if work is constant it plateaus recovery from exercise- recovery from short-term/low intensity is rapid. Recovery after exercise better in trained individuals bc their HR doesn’t get as high. Recovery from long-term is slower because elevated body temp. incremental exercise- HR and cardiac output increase in direct proportion to O2 uptake. More O2 uptake = more blood flow to muscles. Plateau of cardiac output and HR at 100% VO2 max (no more hemoglobin to transport O2).The increase in HR and systolic BP results in increased workload on the heart (increased metabolic demand on heart estimated by: double product = HR x systolic BP) maximal exercise increases workload on heart by 500% Useful equation to tell patients with coronary artery blockage how they can exercise. **cardiac output increases because decrease in vascular resistance to flow and increase in mean arterial blood pressure. Arm vs. Leg exercise- HR and BP higher in arm because greater sympath etic outflow to heart during arm work when compared to leg work.Large increase in BP for arms because of vasoconstriction in inactive muscle groups. Large muscles (legs) have more resistance vessels dialated, so there is lower peripheral resistance and lower BP (cardiac output x resistance= pressure). Intermittent exercise- (interval training), recovery of HR and BP depends on level of fitness, environmental conditions, and duration and intensity. Recovery not complete if the temperature is high because that increases HR. with repeated bouts of light exercise, many repetitions can be preformed. Prolonged exercise- cardiac output at constant level.SV declines while HR increases because the increase (cardiac output constant bc HR increases and balances SV decrease). Cardiovascular drift= increase in HR and decrease in SV during prolonged exercise. , it is due to rising body temp and reduction in plasma volume. Reduction in plasma volume reduces venous return to heart and thus decrease in SV REGULATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR ADJUSTMENTS TO EXERCISE –increase in sympathetic stimulation of heart and vasodilation of arterioles and increase resistance of vessels in less-active areas= increase cardiac output so that blood flow to muscle matches metabolic needs.Central command- CV change due to centrally generated cv motor signals **also modified by heart mechanoreceptors, muscle chemoreceptors, muscle mechanoreceptors, and pressure-sensitive receptors (baroreceptors) â€Å"tuners† during exercise: muscle chemoreceptors- muscle metabolites (K, lactic acid, etc. ) muscle mechanoreceptors- force and speed of muscular movement baroreceptors- change in arterial BP- regulate arterial BP Page 267-269, 277-280 VO2 max = HR max X SV max X (a- vO2 dif)max STROKE VOLUME SV = End diastolic volume(EDV) – End systolic volume (ESV) *EDV increase ecause increase in ventricle size/increase in venous return (â€Å"preload†), increase in myocardial contractility, and decrease in resistance to blood flow out of heart (â€Å"afterload†) End diastolic volume (EDV) Left ventricle increase with endurance training bc of volume loading during exercise Plasma volume increases with endurance training (loss of plasma volume = decrease VO2 max in first weeks of detraining) **EDV increase with training. FRANK-STARLING MECHANISM: increase stretch of ventricle = increased SV Cardiac contractility- strength of contraction when fiber length, afterload, and HR are constant.Afterload- peripheral resistance against which the ventricle contracts in order to push portion of EDV into aorta. Decrease in resistance = increase max cardiac output, SO arterial BP is unchanged (MAP = Q x TPR) **endurance training lower resistance in working muscle to facilitate higher blood flow blood pressure falls when muscles capacity for blood flow exceeds hearts ability to provide it.. —to maintain BP some of muscle mass is vasoconstricted (other is vasodialated) tra ining decrease resistance of vascular bed to match increase in max cardiac output to maintain BP Arteriovenous O2 difference: increase in difference could be due to elevation of the arterial oxygen content, or decrease in the mixed venous oxygen content. -increase capacity of muscle to extract O2 after training probably because increase in capillary density (mitochondria too) accommodate more blood flow *training-induced increase in maximal SV due to increase in preload and a decrease in afterload.Preload increased because end diastolic ventricular volume and associated increase in plasma volume. Afterload decreased because decrease in arteriolar constriction in trained muscles increases maximal muscle blood flow but no change in mean arterial BP. in young, sedentary ppl, 50% of increase in VO2 is bc of increase in systemic a-VO2 dif (due to increase in capillary density). Decrease in VO2 max when you stop training because decrease in max SV and decrease in oxygen extraction. 277-28 0 net cost of walking is ? of net cost running use pace maker test for kids field test for CRF use walking, running, stepping. Can test many ppl at low cost. Hard to measure response for some, and motivation can be a variable. VO2 max estimates from all-out run tests are based on the linear relationship b/w running speed and oxygen cost of running.VO2 max estimated in endurance test is influences by CV function and % body fat. Canadian home fitness test: submaximal, uses lowest two 8-inch steps in a staircase. Evaluates cardiorespiratory fitness using post-exercise HR. 1 mile walk test: VO2 based on age, weight, sex, time, HR improved fitness: lower HR and/or time and higher VO2 max cardiorespiratory fitness measured using: treadmill, cycle ergometer, stepping bench measured by: palpation (carotid/radial artery), stethoscope (systolic- 1st korotkoff sound, diastolic- 4th sound), ECG ncreased metabolic demand on heart estimated by: double product= HR x systolic BP -double product is estimate of myocardia O2 demand arrhythmia- irregularity in normal electrical rhythm: atrial fibrillation, premature contractions conduction disturbances- depolarization is slowed/blocked (first-degree AV block or bundle branch block) myocardial ischemia- inadequate perfusion of the myocardiumflow limitation= O2 insufficiency (angina pectoris- symptom)(ST segment depression-sign upsloping, horizontal, downsloping—downsloping is worst) teady state:HR measured over 15-30 seconds post exercise HR: measured for 10 seconds within first 15 seconds of stopping exercise, then multiple the # by 6 HR and systolic BP increase with exercise intensity * Typical measurements obtained during a graded exercise test include heart rate, blood pressure, ECG, and rating of perceived exertion. * Specific signs (e. g. , fall in systolic pressure with an increase in work rate) and symptoms (e. g. , dizziness) are used to stop GXT. VO2 max: â€Å"gold standard† to measure CRF VO2 increases wi th increasing loads on a GXT until max capacity reached- VO2 estimated based on final work rate achieved in graded exercise test- can also be estimated from HR responses to submaximal exercise using age, also consider environmental factors.Estimation of VO2 max from last work rate: Poorly fit individuals take longer to achieve the steady state at moderate/heavy work rates may overestimate the VO2 max when using formula Estimation of VO2 max from submaximal HR response: HR plotted against work rate (or estimated VO2) until termination criterion of 70%- 85% of age-adjusted maximal HR reached (220-age). careful of environmental factors- dehydration, temp, emotions, medication * VO2 max Estimation of VO2 max from Last Work Rate Estimation of VO2 max from Submaximal HR Response CRITERIA FOR ACHIEVING VO2 MAX: * Leveling off of VO2 with higher work rate <150 ml†¢min–1 or <2. 1 ml†¢kg–1†¢min–1 * Post-exercise blood lactate >8 mmoles†¢L†“1 * R >1. 15 * HR within 10 beats†¢min–1 of age-predicted maximal HR * Usefulness has been questioned * Should not expect subjects to meet all criteria * Graded Exercise Test: Protocols Treadmill Cycle Ergometer Step Test * Graded Exercise Tests: MeasurementsHeart Rate Blood Pressure ECG Rating of Perceived Exertion Termination Criteria Treadmill- don’t have to adjust for body weight in calculation because subject is carrying their own weight ( so VO2 is proportional to weight). Health or cardiac risk inventory—PAR-Q (physical activity readiness questionnaire) – heart condition, pain in chest when doing physical activity, lose balance/dizziness/lose consciousness, bone/joint probs, drugs/meds for BP or heart condition * Estimating VO2 max * Based on extrapolating submaximal HR during incremental test * YMCA protocol